Piper methysticum, commonly known as kava, has been used for over 3000 years. Traditionally, it has been used as a tonic to treat feelings of weakness and nervous exhaustion, and as a sleep aid.

Osteoporosis is a disease of the skeletal system characterized by deterioration of bone tissue and a reduction in bone mass. Osteoporosis results from a long-term disruption of skeletal homeostasis that is secondary to nutritional, physical, genetic, endocrine, and environmental factors.

Lower urinary tract infections (referred to as UTIs in this article) account for millions of doctor visits per year with the urinary tract being the second-most common site for infection. The term urinary tract infection refers to the presence of a certain number of bacteria in the urine, usually more than 100 000/mL. UTIs can occur in both men and women, however, they are about fifty times more common in women than men.

W. somnifera, also known as Ashwagandha, is an important herb that has been used for over 3000 years. The important constituents of the root are steroidal alkaloids and steroidal lactones referred to as withanolides. It is used for anxiety, inflammation, Parkinson’s disease, cognitive and neurological disorders, and as a supportive adjunct for people undergoing radiation and chemotherapy.

The immune system is able to discriminate self from non-self antigens, substances that trigger the immune system, which protects the host from infections and cancer. Autoimmune diseases are characterized by deregulated immune responses. Autoimmune diseases affect 5-8% of the population in the United States and can affect almost every site in the body

Periodontitis is the result of gingivitis progressing to a more serious stage. It is characterized by swollen, reddish, and bleeding gums, as well as bad breath. Severe periodontitis affects 10–15% of adults, while moderate periodontitis affects 40–60% of adults. Despite its high prevalence, it is largely unrepresented as a chronic inflammatory disease.

Cholesterol is a waxy, fat-like substance that is mainly made within the body by the liver but also comes from food. Cholesterol is important for optimal health, as it is needed to make cell walls, tissues, vitamin D, hormones, and bile acid. Atherosclerosis refers to the narrowing of the arteries due to excess cholesterol forming plaques within the arteries, which leads to compromised blood flow.

Cervical dysplasia refers to abnormal cells found on the surface of the cervix, that are considered to be premalignant and can progress to cancer.^[1] Cervical dysplasia is primarily caused by a sexually transmitted infection with different strains of the human papillomavirus (HPV). However, different strains can be involved in both benign and malignant lesions; therefore, the progression of the disease appears to depend on individual factors. Studies suggest that HPV exposure is the initiating event that can lead to the development of cervical dysplasia, often termed cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN).